ABSTRACT To study the effect of some mechanical and chemical pre-treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Quercus coccifera, seeds were soaked up in hot water for 24 and 48 hour. Scarifications by longitudinal cleft of the pericarp and removal of the whole pericarp was carried out, under both types of these scarifications some seeds were soaked up in water for 24 hour, some of them were not soaked. Chemical pre-treatments involve soaking up the seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid (96%) for 30,60,90 and 120 minutes. One set of oak seeds was used as a control in which seeds were soaked up in distilled water for the same periods of time used in the above different pre-treatments. The results showed that the highest significant germination percentages occurred under both types of mechanical scarification with soaking in water, followed by 30 & 60 minutes soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid and then by both types of scarification without water soaking. The lowest germination percentages were found under the effect of boiling water and the control seeds. Seedlings growth showed similar patterns of response under the effect of these pre-treatments. .

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Abstract The main aim of this paper is to discuss Syntactic Extension (Al-Itsa) Rhetoric Semantic and Morphological Extension are beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore, the main topics of Syntactic Extension that will be discussed in this paper are: Adverbs Gerunds and qualitative Adjective similar to present active participle among other syntactic issue. The Syntactic Extension in adverbs, for example, will illustrate the opinions and differences of grammarians in using adverbs in the accusative case (subjunctive) similar to Direct Objects, or to delete the proposition. In addition, the paper discusses other issues such as adverbs in the genitive case, adverbs in the predication case and to separate between appositions. Syntactic Extension in the Infinitive and Oualitative Adjectives similar to Present Active Participle will be illustrated through examining the differences between grammarians. Four other Syntactic topics will be discussed in this paper as well. These topics are Syntactic Extension in bringing forward the Direct Object or the Predicate, Appositives in genitive and nominal cases, Concomitate Object and Causative Object Through illustrating the grammarians' opinions regarding the Syntactic Extension, it was crystal clear that there has been a difference between the two major schools in syntax in the Arab world regarding the Syntactic Extension: The Kufic School of Grammarians and The Basra Schools of Grammarians. The Kufic school of grammarians appears to prefer the use of Syntactic Extension as a choice open for writers whereas the Basra School of Grammarians seem to prefer the use of the Syntactic Extension as exception; i.e., not as a choice. Nevertheless, a very good number of Grammarians did not follow a particular trend in using the Syntactic Extension. They acting in an individual manner, used to shift between the Kufic and Basra schools of grammar The author of this paper, however, believes that Syntactic Extension in language depends on the availability of textual evidence from the Holy Qur'an, the Prophetic Saying and Tradition and Poetry. But when these textual evidences are absent, the use of Syntactic Extension exception becomes acceptable. .

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Abstract Man had come to the earth as a worshipper and successor to Allah. The faith in Allah and worshipping Him represent a means of spiritual and psychological balance. This research aims at explaining the feeling of human being and faith in Him for the biological viewpoint which represents the instinct based on the concept of the (DNA) which scientists have declared the description of its symbols in the year 2000. In addition to clarification that faith in Allah is a reasonable logic, according to the theory of the Swiss (piaget) concerning cognitive development which explains the development of human thought from a sensual materialistic thought to logical thinking, then to abstract one. In considering of faith that Allah is alone as creator and a source of power and capacity, that agrees with instinct and accepted by reason. So such faith which is the core of Islamic belief wipes out sources of disturbances and psychological diseases and represents the sole guarantee for psychological balance and happiess. .

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ABSTRACT This research paper consists of an introduction and three themes ,The themes are: 1- The factors. 2- The principles of stylistic theory. 3- The application. The introduction covers the significance of this research paper and the approach followed in the study. The first theme discusses most of the factor which participated in the coinage of the stylistic theory of Shukri Ayyad such as Arabic Theories, modem linguistics and the translation of modern stylistic studies. The second theme discusses the principles of Ayyad stylistic theory such as the relationship between stylistics and literary criticism the concept of stylistic phenomenon and the standards used in observing its creativity and Individual creativity. The third theme covers the applicational stylistic criticism of Ayyad mass creativity through his close observation of stylistic axioms in the Arabic language and the individual creativity through his treatment of the problem of the individual styles of three of the great poets, who are: Al mutanabbe Ibrahim Naji and Abulqasim Ash-Shabbi. The conclusion covers most of the results discovered by the research. .

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Abstract No two persons dispute over the decline of the Arab Nation. Much evidence for that is available, for example loss of the sense of unity, the engagement of muslims in marginal issues, deficiency of the social system, acceptance of aggression, ideological conquest etc. These diseases found some people ready to distance from Islam and doubtful about the sample of man made by its educational, social and local systems. All this is due to the inefficiency of the religious and social sciences that are influenced by foreign ideology We are ready to accept these factors of declins due to the weakness of the political and cultural qualifications in the face of this foreign ideology and its local representatives. What makes things worse is that our political and cultrual alternatives are unrealistic. Investigating this topic necessitates reviewing the various ideological backgrounds, and identifying the disturbances of efficient thinking. This should be done before any attempt to suggest solutions is made. .

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