Abstract: This article presents a new approach for generating fault-free rule bases, which have no redundancy circularity, inconsistency, contradiction/conflict and un-reachability. The approach makes use of spanning trees. A new algorithm, based on this approach, is presented which checks a rule base for different kinds of faults. The rule base is represented using a directed graph. The algorithm devises a spanning tree/forest of the underlying directed graph by treating the directed graph as an undirected graph, and checks for various faults and properties. The algorithm devises a new rule base (which is a subset of the original rule base) that is equivalent, in terms of its reasoning capabilities, to the original rule base, with the properties that the new rule base is free from redundancy. It also determines the set of rules that cause redundancy and circularity faults. Once the new rule base is determined, checking for the remaining faults, namely inconsistency, contradiction, and un-reachability, can be performed easily using the generated structures. .

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Abstract An industrial process for the radical chlorination of 1,2 – dichloroethane (DCE) up to 1, 1, 2 – trichloroethane (TCE), 1,1,2,2 – tetrachloroethane( TeCE) and pentachloroethane (PCE) has been studied. The previously developed of the process. Four different versions of the apparatus implementation of radical chlorination process of DCE have been proposed. The analysis of different versions for the apparatus setup has been done . the most efficient version has been defined. The chlorination process of DCE is suggested to be carried out in a system of three reactors connected together by a parallel scheme. Keywords: 1, 2 – dichloroethane chlorination, 1, 1,2 – trichloroethane production; gas – liquid reaction; optimization. .

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Abstract The study was conducted at Sakha Agriculture Research Station Farm, during 1998 and 1999 seasons. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of plant densities (47600, 59500, 71400 and 83300 plants per ha). Nitrogen fertilization levels (238, 286 and 333 kg N/ha) and their interactions on growth attributes of four maize cultivars, i.e. S. C. 10. S. C. 122 (white hybrids) and S.C. 155. T.W.C. 352 ( yellow hybrids). The obtain results could be summarized as following. Increasing plant density from 47600 to 71400 plants per ha led to a significant decrease in number of green leaves per plant (GLN) AT 60 days from sowing (DFS) in 1988 season and at 50 and 60 DFS in 1999 season. Also, stem diameter, leaf area per plant (LA). Chlorophyll contents, as well as dry matter accumulation per plant (DM) were decreased signifsity by increasing plant densities at 60 DFS in both seasone. While increasing plant density from 47600 to 83300 plants per ha increased significantly leaf area indeed (LAI), plant and ear height in the two seasons. The result obtained indicated that maize cultivars differed significantly in most of growth characters. White maize cultivars (single cross-10 and single cross-122 exceeded the yellow cultivars (S.C 155 and T.W.C. 352) in GLN/plant, LA/plant, LAI, DM/plant, number of days to 50% silking, plant and ear height and stem diameter at most sampling dates in both seasons. GNL, LA/plant, LAI and DM/plant, chlorophyll content, plant and ear height, as well as stem dimeter were increasing nitrogen level from 238 to 333 kg N/ha. The interaction between cultivars and N levels had a significant effects on LA/plant at 50 DFS in 1988 season and on DM/plant and stem dimeter in 1999 season as well as plant and ear height and stem dimeter at 60 DFS in 1998 season. The highest values of these characters were obtained by S.C. 10 cultivar fertilized with 333kg N/ha. .

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Abstract Homodinuclear mixed ligand complexes of metal ions of Co(II) and Cu(II) with anthrax-nilic acid (l^1), phenylenediamine (l^2) and L-alanine 〖(l〗^3) in the ratio of metal to ligands ]2:1:1[ have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, infrares, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and molar conductance, and confirmed that the prepared complexes with general formula of ] M_2 LL^' (OH)3 H_2 O)3 [ 〖NH〗_2 O, where M – Co(II) and Cu(II), L, L’ = anthranilic acid, phenylenedimine or L-alaine and n = 3 or 12. The elemental analysis exhibits that two metal ions are present in the complexes. Infared spectra dis-play one mode for chelation site. Throw oxygen of the carboxy 1 group in COO- and nitrogen of the amino group( 〖NH〗_2). Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra indicate the presence of paramagnetic characters and support the geometrical structures of the complexes under investigation, being octahedral structures. The molar conductance measurements indicate non-electrolytic complexes. .

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of using computer aided instruction in applying research teaching method in teaching geographical information to fifth graders in Jordan. Subject were 92 fifth – graders enrolled in three fifth grade classes randomly assigned to three groups ( using computer in research teaching method, research teaching method, traditional method). Subjects in all groups were thught the same geographical unit presented in their textbook, the computer group studied using computer instructional program with research method, the research group studied using research method and the control group studied using the traditional method. All subject were tested before and after the experiment using the same performance test. When date were analyzed, statistical significant differences were found among the groups. Those taught using computer – aided instruction performed better than those taught with either the traditional or research method. Additional analysis were performed to test the effectiveness of the methods in developing geographical information more than those taught with either the traditional or research methods. The result imply that using computer aided instruction with teaching research strategy have considerable effect on the understanding of fifth graders geographical information. In conclusion, the researcher points out several recommendations. .

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Abstract: This research attempts to study the relationship between leadership style and employees resistance to change at industrial firms in Jordan. A simple of (191) employees is selected from (3) of the largest industrial firms. Results show an overall “above – average” degree of resistance to change, the same de-gree of resistance under associated with democratic leadership style. Results, also, show that authoritarian leadership style is positively associated with resistance to change (organizational, subjective, economic, and culture dimension), and democratic leadership style is negatively correlated with organizational dimension of resistance only (and not other dimension). Moreover, results show that lasseies -faire leadership style is positively associated with employee’s resistance (the various dimension). The study also include some recommendations such like, the orientation of employee from the management to the change process through facilitate the communication with the side in the organization that is responsible for the change process. Also invoving the employee that are a part of and procedure attitudes through depending on democratic style in managing job groups. Also organze an training circulation’s for managers to enable them ti identify of the way of using democratic style in dealing with subordinates to increase the involve o employee in change process and increase their perception of it. .

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This research aims at clarifying the problem of modernity as influential term in the con-tmporary movement of the Arab literary to and critical scripts .Hence ,it has become nec-essary to pursue the roots of this term throughout the Arab critical history . Adonis is considered one of the most prominent names in the Arab critical field which contributed to fixing this tern in the mentality of the Arab critics and literary people in the fifties and sixties approximately through his constant writings bingeing with his publishing on the "Arab" magazine which went in parallel with writings , passing through his critical works , especially his well-know thesis "al thabetwalMutahawell" Highlighting the modernity rerm through pursuing the references of some modernists headed by Adonis ,puts the recipients infront of different but effective viewpoints, These viewpoints are expected to provoke a lot of arguments when examining and pursuing which, in turn, means continuously moving and encouraging the Arab critical field and also increasing the interaction of the critical movements . In this way , it is possible to share others in supporting repeatedly . this research stresses the to – read intensively all the incoming critical . Approaches or terms that have dissolved and disappeared in the Arab critical body. .

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ABSERACT The actual beginning of Sufism in islam started at real utilization of the revealed verses to be imposed in and out by good will and purity. Then the views of Sufism in knowledge and Gnosticism and their methods in revelation and illuminism emerged. Some of them imitated the philosophers in an attempt to portray existentialism and divinity and applaying tact and rationalism. This approach was confronted by many of the imams of Sunnah as diviation from the religion and the aims of true Islam, Other who rationalzed as much as they could and rejected whatever unacceptable respected it. As it is difficult to classify this ideology of Sufism by tracing its roots and cleansing its mistakes, this study comes attempts to introduce it in order to clarigy its meaning, development of idea, and differences between methods. The is an intrducation to this educational worshiping method which takes magnigicent interest among Islamic schools of thinking. At the same time the study is introduces the types of Sufism, their development references, terminology, and pointing at some of its scholars since the era of tabieen until the founders of Sufism doctrines. .

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