The present study aims at investigating the impact of translation on Arabic in its various historical phases. This impact is addressed on two levels: one is intellectual as Arabic is a well-structured system of knowledge with its own features and the other is linguistic as it is a tongue of people having borne a message to the world. The study is initiated by an introduction with its problem, objectives and importance, presents a historical overview of translation-into-Arabic phases, most notably the Abbasid era along with the major translation projects, programs, initiatives and awards in the modern age. After that, the study demonstrates the impact of translation on Arabic both intellectually and linguistically, to be ultimately concluded by its implications and recommendations. A forward-looking approach was methodically followed to address this issue since translation is not paid great care by statesmen or those working in knowledge and science although it is important for further progress. The impact of translation on Arabic has been found to be intellectual and linguistic: the Arabs' stock of knowledge has grown, culture has flourished and language has absorbed many lexical items and structures. Eventually, translation is a cultural activity connecting the Arab-Muslim civilization with all eastern and western parts of the globe by which Arabic has affected and been affected in all various aspects of knowledge.

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Journal: Journal of Arts, literature, Humanities and Social Sciences

Journal: International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research. Vol.6; Issue: 4; Oct.-Dec. 2021 Website: ijshr.com.

Journal: International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR, Volume 10 Issue 7, July 2021, 302 – 306.

This study aims to demonstrate the impact of BPR in reducing cost in international business organizations by analyzing the impact of decentralization, re-engineering organizational structures, re-engineering human resources, industrial process technology, improving total quality standards, and value engineering. The study population includes all the international business organizations operating in the Middle East, with the condition that they operate in at least four countries. The results showed that there is a significant effect of all dimensions of BPR in reducing costs in international business organizations operating in the Middle East. When studying the impact of the dimensions combined, the moral effect appeared at each processes (decentralization, re-engineering of human resources and industrial process technology), while the moral effect did not appear in (rebuilding organizational structures, improving total quality standards, and value engineering). This does not negate the importance of the impact of these dimensions, but rather shows a disparity between dimensions in reducing cost, when studying its combined effect. The study recommends that organizations should adopt modern management accounting methods, including value engineering, in order to identify and enhance activities that add value to the organization’s operations, as well as identify and eliminate non-value adding activities, in order to reduce costs

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Journal: Print ISSN: 2288-4637 / Online ISSN 2288-4645 doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no10.0087

One of this theoretical study, parameters that affecting the ultimate load capacity of the axially loaded column are studied. The parameters such as compressive strength of concrete and steel reinforcement ratio. Throughout study a different value of each factor will be assumed. Then the nominal load-carrying capacity of axially loaded column was calculated for these different factors parameters according using the simplified methods provided in (ACI-318- 14) building code requirement for structural concrete and Prokon Program. It is observed that increasing the compressive strength of concrete result in improving the ultimate load capacity. Using compressive strength of concrete more than 40MPa which results in increasing of (Pu) from (2362kN) to(5918KN) . On other hand The total area of longitudinal reinforcement bars (AST), and the gross area of concrete section (Ag) have a significant effects also on increasing of (Pu) value but not as (Fcʹ).

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Journal: 3-2020

Journal: Volume 3, Issue 2

Journal: Volume 21, Issue 1

Journal: Volume X, issue 4